Current State of Abandoned Schools in Tohoku
Tohoku as an aging-population frontier region. Actual closure numbers and reuse rates across six prefectures
Annual school closures nationwide (MEXT project page)
~450/year
MEXT year-by-year survey: 298 in FY2023; no year has reached 450 since FY2016
Cumulative closures FY2004-2023
8,850
National reuse rate (existing facilities basis)
74.4%
Due to declining birthrates, MEXT states that approximately 450 school facilities are closed each year, and its survey records a cumulative total of 8,850 schools from FY2004 to FY2023. The same survey, read year by year, shows 279 to 405 closures a year since FY2016, never reaching 450, with 298 in FY2023. Of the 7,612 schools where buildings remain, only 5,661 (74.4%) have been repurposed, leaving approximately 1,951 facilities unused.
School closures from FY2004 to FY2023, by prefecture: Iwate 331, Fukushima 330, Aomori 278, Akita 240, Yamagata 234, and Miyagi 230. Iwate's total is second only to Hokkaido's 859. The six prefectures add up to 1,643, or 18.6% of the national 8,850 (this article did the addition and the division).
The survey counts all school types. Aomori's 278 breaks down into 198 elementary schools, 49 middle schools, and 31 high schools and equivalents. Nationally, annual closures have run between 279 and 405 since FY2016, below earlier years (578 in FY2004). No document gives year-by-year figures for the six Tohoku prefectures on their own.
Aomori Prefecture's Closure Situation
A total of 247 public elementary and middle schools in Aomori Prefecture closed between FY2004 and FY2023. Of the 196 still-standing buildings, 61.2% (120 schools) have been repurposed. Reuse is primarily for social education and sports facilities, with limited conversion to welfare facilities.
Aomori’s school reuse rate is 61.2%, below the national average of 74.4%. The difference alone does not identify its cause. Access, building condition, demand and procurement terms need to be checked for each school.
Structural Difficulties of Abandoned School Reuse in Tohoku
Abandoned school reuse in Tohoku faces region-specific challenges beyond the national common issues:
- Snow and cold climate maintenance costs: Winter heating and snow removal costs can reach hundreds of thousands to millions of yen annually, driving up operating costs
- Access difficulties: Closed schools in mountainous areas are often more than 30 minutes from the nearest station or interchange, making commuter-based use impractical
- Absolute workforce shortage: The number of private operators within the region is inherently small, making it difficult for reuse proposals to emerge
- Building deterioration: Many buildings are reinforced concrete structures from the 1960s-70s, requiring expensive seismic retrofitting and equipment upgrades
Akita Prefecture Case — BABAME BASE
Former Babame Elementary in Gojome Town converted to shared offices. A success model with 44 cumulative tenants
Unit costs and amounts in financial examples without a cited source are illustrative assumptions, not statistically established market rates. Use estimates and comparable records appropriate to the target facility, location and business when preparing a project plan. Distinguish these assumptions from cited statistics and case expenditure.
Gojome Town Regional Revitalization Support Center
BABAME BASE is one of the most successful abandoned school reuse cases in Tohoku. In 2013, the former Babame Elementary School — which had 138 years of history — was revitalized by Gojome Town as a shared office and coworking space.
A cumulative total of 44 businesses and organizations have occupied the facility, including shared office users, attracted by rental rates starting from just 20,000 yen per month.
Success Factors of BABAME BASE
Factor 1: Low cost × large space
The design allows tenants to rent an entire classroom and customize it freely, with monthly rates from 20,000 yen. This extremely low cost compared to conventional coworking spaces or rental offices lowers the entry barrier for risk-taking entrepreneurs.
Factor 2: Community formation by design
Rather than simply renting office space, the facility is designed as a "co-creation hub" that fosters interaction and collaboration among tenants. The school's gymnasium and playground serve as multipurpose spaces for events, product testing, and exhibitions.
Factor 3: Strategic positioning by the town
Gojome Town, with a population of 7,255 in the preliminary count of the 2025 census, explicitly positions BABAME BASE as a "core facility for community regeneration," supporting its maintenance with the town budget. It functions not as mere facility rental, but as the foundation for town branding, migration promotion, and industrial development.
Miyagi Prefecture Case — Tome City's Former School Facilities
Former school facility reuse policy and public solicitation process design
Tome City's Reuse Policy
Tome City conducts public solicitations for reuse of former school facilities resulting from school consolidation. Tome City's distinguishing feature is its reuse policy that leverages regional resources in agriculture and forestry.
Miyagi Prefecture includes areas affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, and some closed school reuse has advanced in conjunction with disaster reconstruction. Access to reconstruction-related subsidies and grants for facility renovation contributed to improved reuse rates.
Fukushima and Iwate Cases — Reconstruction-Linked Type
The Intersection of Reconstruction and Abandoned School Reuse
In Fukushima and Iwate prefectures, abandoned school reuse advanced during the Great East Japan Earthquake reconstruction process, creating distinctive cases. Population relocations from evacuation zones, accelerated school consolidation, and reconstruction budgets for facility renovation converged to form a unique "reconstruction-linked" model.
Characteristics of the reconstruction-linked type include:
- Generous funding: Reconstruction grants and special reconstruction funds enabled large-scale investments that would be impossible under normal closed school renovation budgets
- Integration with community rebuilding: Closed school facilities were positioned as new community gathering points for displaced residents
- External workforce involvement: Reconstruction-supporting NPOs and volunteer organizations became operators in some cases
However, the reconstruction-linked type depends on the special funding source of reconstruction budgets, making direct application to other regions difficult. Its replicability as a model is limited, which should be noted.
Three Success Typologies
Characteristics and prerequisites of shared office, experiential exchange, and reconstruction-linked types
Reviewing cases across Tohoku's six prefectures, successful abandoned school reuse can be classified into three types.
Type 1: Shared Office
Representative case: BABAME BASE, Gojome Town, Akita
- Classrooms rented out as office space
- Low-cost operation at 20,000-50,000 yen/month
- Attracting entrepreneurs, freelancers, and satellite office companies
- Success conditions: Access from Tokyo/Sendai metropolitan areas secured, internet infrastructure in place
Type 2: Experiential Exchange
Representative cases: Agricultural village experience facilities and accommodation experience facilities across the region
- School buildings and gymnasiums converted to accommodation and experiential facilities
- Programs in agricultural experience, nature experience, and disaster preparedness education
- Functions as destinations for school trips and corporate training
- Success conditions: Natural, agricultural, and marine resources available; hosting infrastructure in place
Type 3: Reconstruction-Linked
Representative cases: Cases along the Fukushima and Iwate coasts
- Closed schools from the reconstruction process utilized as community rebuilding hubs
- Large-scale renovation using reconstruction budgets and grants
- Integrated design of community rebuilding and facility utilization
- Success conditions: Availability of reconstruction-related funding (limited applicability)
Tohoku-Specific Challenges and Solutions
Three major challenges: snow measures, winter operation costs, and workforce recruitment
Challenge 1: Winter Operating Costs
Closed schools in Tohoku are predominantly reinforced concrete construction, and winter heating costs pose a significant burden. Kerosene heating can cost 100,000-300,000 yen monthly, and snow removal 200,000-500,000 yen annually.
Solution: Introduction of pellet stoves and biomass boilers to reduce fuel costs. In Tohoku, where forestry is active, local wood chips and pellets may be procurable.
Challenge 2: Ensuring Access
Closed schools in mountainous areas have weak public transportation, necessitating car-dependent facility operations.
Solution: Prioritize facilities within 30 minutes of the nearest station or interchange. Facilities beyond 30 minutes should specialize in overnight use (retreats, workations) rather than day-trip models.
Challenge 3: Workforce Shortage
The absolute number of private operators within the region is limited, making it difficult for reuse proposals to emerge.
Solution: Strengthen outreach to operators outside the region by posting facility information on MEXT's "Everyone's Closed School Project". Tohoku closed school information is published in PDF form under "Tohoku 1" and "Tohoku 2," allowing municipalities to reach operators nationwide by specifying desired uses.
Future Outlook
Abandoned school reuse in Tohoku holds value as a problem-solving model that previews the future of "declining birthrates and depopulation" facing the rest of Japan. Considering that many regions nationwide will confront challenges similar to Tohoku's within the next decade, the accumulation of success and failure cases in Tohoku becomes a national policy asset.
Key areas to watch:
- Expansion of Small Concession Formation Promotion Project adoption in the Tohoku region
- Matching of workation and remote work demand with closed school shared offices
- Combined models of closed schools × renewable energy (solar, biomass)
→ For basic procedures and cases of abandoned school reuse, see 47 Abandoned School Reuse Cases.
47 Abandoned School Reuse Cases
Success patterns and failure factors from MEXT data [2026 Edition]
Complete Guide to Abandoned School Reuse
Practical workflow from information gathering to project launch
What to do next
When developing a school reuse plan and renovation budget, check the following matters.
| # | What to check or consider | Responsible team or contact |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Find operators interested in using the building. Ask about their intended uses and requirements, and use the responses to develop the reuse plan | Market sounding and local operators |
| 2 | Check the seismic assessment and asbestos survey results. If surveys have not been conducted, determine their scope and how to commission them | Facilities team |
| 3 | Estimate renovation costs from the survey results and compare them with demolition costs | Design office |
| 4 | Check the property disposal procedures. For subsidized school buildings, check MEXT approval or reporting requirements against the intended use and disposal restriction period | Board of education and MEXT |
| 5 | Explain the proposed reuse to alumni and community groups and hear their views before announcing the use | Alumni and neighbourhood associations |
Check operator interest and requirements before finalizing the use, and take prospective demand into account when developing the reuse plan.
References
FY2024 Survey on Utilization of Closed School Facilities in Public Elementary and Middle Schools — Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (2025)
Utilization of Closed School Facilities (Aomori Prefecture) — Aomori Prefectural Board of Education (2024)
Regional Revitalization through Shared Office Utilization of Closed Schools (Gojome Town) — Japan Research Institute for Local Government (2024)
'Everyone's Closed School' Project — Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (2025)
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