JOURNAL
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Parks × Outdoor Fitness — Designing Health-Focused Park-PFI Programs and Their Revenue Models
A guide to establishing outdoor fitness facilities in public parks using the Park-PFI system. Covers running stations, yoga programs, functional training, health equipment design, revenue models, and how to align with municipal health promotion policies — with the latest 2026 information.
Park-PFI in the Kanto Region — Adoption Status and Success Patterns in Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Saitama
A regional analysis of Park-PFI cases in the Greater Tokyo Area. Comparative study of Tokyo's metropolitan park Park-PFI (Meiji Park, Yoyogi Park), Kanagawa Prefecture's Yokohama-Manazuru model, and Saitama-Chiba's suburban cases, examining differences in success patterns between urban and suburban types.
Closed Schools × Community Exchange Hubs — Operating Models for Composite Community Facilities
A guide to converting closed schools into composite community hubs (cafe, shared office, library space, event venue, childcare support, etc.). Covers operating models, financial design, subsidies, and success stories — with the latest 2026 information.
A Guide to Opening a Park Cafe or Restaurant — How to Start a Food Business Using Park-PFI
A complete guide to opening a cafe or restaurant in a public park using the Park-PFI (Public Recruitment Installation and Management) system. Covers the system mechanics, public tender process, business planning, revenue models, and success stories — designed for beginners.
PPP Contract Design After COVID — New Standards for Force Majeure and Demand Risk Clauses
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed structural vulnerabilities in PPP/PFI contracts, with airport concession revenues dropping over 60% and 25 airport building companies falling into deficit. From the Cabinet Office's force majeure recognition to the 2021 triple guideline revision, the 2022 PFI Act amendment, and the 2025 Action Plan's 'phase-free' vision, this article maps the full landscape of post-COVID contract design.
Closed Schools × Agriculture & Sixth-Sector Industrialization — Plant Factory, Processing, and Direct Sales Conversion Models
A complete guide to converting closed schools into plant factories, agricultural processing facilities, and farm-direct shops for sixth-sector industrialization. Covers LED hydroponics, regional branding, renovation costs, revenue models, subsidies, and success stories — with the latest 2026 information.
Closed Schools × Childcare (Nurseries & After-School): Floor-Area Standards, Grant Shares, and Cases from Mihara, Saikai and Yokkaichi
What to check when converting a closed school into a nursery, a certified centre for early childhood education and care, or an after-school children's club. Covers the floor areas set by ordinance for nursery rooms and dedicated areas, the requirements for buildings with nursery rooms on the second floor or above, the cost shares and raised rates of the facility grants, how a private nursery's commissioning fee and an after-school club's operating costs are set, and the renovation costs of the Mihara, Saikai and Yokkaichi cases in MEXT's casebook, all checked against the ordinances and the Children and Families Agency documents.
Closed Schools × IT & Coworking: Ten Cases from the MEXT Casebook, Zoning and Urbanization Control Areas, Trial Satellite Offices and Grants
What to check before using a closed school as a satellite office or coworking space: the count of business and start-up support facilities in MEXT's survey, the uses, contract forms and renovation costs of ten casebook cases with offices or coworking spaces, change-of-use confirmation and zoning under the Building Standards Act, urbanization control areas under the City Planning Act, MIC's special local allocation tax measures for trial satellite offices, and the Cabinet Office grant and corporate hometown tax donations, checked against the statutes and ministry documents.
Closed Schools × Tourism & Lodging: Inn Permits, Zoning and Fire Rules, Farm-Stay Grants, and Six Cases from the MEXT Casebook
What to check before turning a closed school into a lodging facility. Covers the business types and structural standards under the Inns and Hotels Act, confirmation for a change of use and zoning under the Building Standards Act, permission in urbanization control areas, the fire code category, the grant rate and caps of the farm-stay type of the Rural Promotion Grant, and the contract forms and renovation costs of the six MEXT casebook cases used for lodging, all checked against the statutes and ministry documents.
Anjo City × Deloitte Tohmatsu — Legal Constraints and Scheme Design for a Historic Park Kominka
An analysis of the Small Concession case involving the former Kamiya residence (registered tangible cultural property) within the nationally designated historic site of Honshoji Temple in Anjo City, Aichi. This article examines the scheme design structure under dual legal constraints — historic site designation and cultural property registration — with Deloitte Tohmatsu serving as the expert advisor.
Munakata City's Former Oshima Gakuen — Reusing a Closed School on a World Heritage Island
On Oshima in Munakata City, Fukuoka, the consolidation of elementary and middle schools into a compulsory education school has left a former school building requiring repurposing. As a remote island housing components of the UNESCO World Heritage 'Sacred Island of Okinoshima,' this case sits at the intersection of tourism, community exchange, and settlement promotion under unique constraints.
Beppu City Harukigawa Park — Park-PFI in a Hot Spring City and the Design Behind ¥14 Million in Annual Usage Fees
Beppu City's Harukigawa Park is a landmark Park-PFI case as western Japan's first three-dimensional urban park. By stacking commercial facilities on the first floor and park functions on the second, the operator's proposal projects approximately ¥14 million a year in usage fees and related payments to the city. This article examines the design behind that figure.
READING GUIDE
Choose a starting point.
Follow a short route through the basics, examples and practical steps. Community groups, researchers and students are welcome.
ROUTE 01
For municipal planning
Start with the basics, then move through cases, process and dialogue design.
- What Is Public Facility Management? Challenges, Concepts, and Next Steps
- Sapporo Yurigahara Park Park-PFI LiLiLi — Sapporo's First Case, Community-Led SPV Park Operation
- The Complete Park-PFI Process — A Four-Year Roadmap from Concept to Opening [2026 Edition]
- Market Sounding for PPP: 8-Item Question Template and Step-by-Step Guide
ROUTE 02
For prospective operators
Understand the system, test viability and prepare a proposal.
- What Is a Small Concession? A Complete Guide for Local Government Officials [2026 Edition]
- Higashi Yuenchi URBAN PICNIC — Kobe Sannomiya Redevelopment and Park-PFI After 8 Years of Citizen-Led Social Experiments
- How to Build a Park-PFI Revenue Plan — With Simulation Template [2026 Edition]
- How to Write a Park-PFI Proposal — Working Backward from the Scoring Criteria [2026 Edition]
ROUTE 03
Learn from setbacks
See how projects stall and which conditions to avoid.
- Abandoned School Reuse Failures — Why Repurposed Schools Become Idle Again: Structural Causes of Withdrawal and Business Collapse
- 5 Patterns of Park-PFI Project Failure — Structural Analysis of Contract Termination, Financial Deterioration, and Resident Opposition
- The Zero-Response Sounding Problem — 5 Reasons Private Operators Don't Participate and How to Fix It